A summary of the symposium “Zinc Nutrition: From Discovery to Global Health Impact” was published in the September 2012 issue of Advances in Nutrition. Hair loss and skin lesions associated with low zinc intake also have been found in India, Turkey, and the United States (46). However, persons chronicling zinc in agriculture need to be aware of a current development that may show that supranutritional zinc has a role in agriculturally important animals throughout the world. O'Dell and Savage (30) suggested that zinc was needed by the growing chick in 1957. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The comparison leg is from a chick fed the about the same amount of zinc but with casein hydrolysate as the dietary amino acid source. Zinc. National Research Council, Subcommittee on Zinc, Lewis PK, Hoekstra WG, Grummer RH, Phillips PH, Hill DA, Peo ER, Lewis AJ, Crenshaw JD, Wedekind KJ, Lewis AJ, Giesemann MA, Miller PS, Dannenburg WN, Reid BL, Rozacky EE, Couch JR, Coleman BW, Reimann EM, Grummer RH, Sunde ML, Hoekstra WG, Kienholz EW, Turk DE, Sunde ML, Hoekstra WG, Blamberg DL, Blackwood UB, Supplee WC, Combs GF, Mills CF, Dalgarno AC, Williams RB, Quarterman J, Mahmoud OM, El Samani F, Bakheit RO, Hassan MA. The first indication that zinc might be required by animals appeared in 1905 when Mendel and Bradley (5) reported that zinc was a constituent of the respiratory pigment (hemosycotypin) of a snail. Between 1965 and 1993, the minimum requirement reported for the growth of lambs under laboratory conditions ranged from <7 to 18 mg/kg (26). Some of the differences, especially growth, were attributed to protein sources containing high amounts of phytic acid, which is a potent chelator of zinc (38, 39). Zinc application typically occurs in sandy soils that are low in organic matter. Projected and forecast revenue values are in constant U.S. dollars, unadjusted for inflation. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) also have remarkable optical, physical, and antimicrobial properties and therefore have great potential to enhance agriculture. It is involved in the synthesis of auxin in crops, thus promoting the growth of young leaves, stems and roots. BHL's existence depends on the support of its patrons. Fertilizing crops to improve human health: a scientific review, vol 1. International Fertilizer Industry Association, Micronutrient malnutrition: causes, prevalence, consequences, and interventions, The role of zinc in forestry. The sole author had responsibility for all parts of the manuscript. Donate Now. were presented in that BS thesis (35). Les aliments riches en zinc incluent la viande rouge, certains fruits de mer comme les huîtres, les produits céréaliers à grains entiers, les noix, les légumineuses et certaines céréales enrichies. The zinc-deficient calves, one of which is shown in Figure 6, exhibited severe parakeratosis, reduced weight gain, and stiffness of joints with soft edematous swelling of the feet in front of the fetlocks. The history of zinc in agriculture is an outstanding demonstration of the translation of research into practical application. The zinc content in forage plants needed for growth and development was generally considered high enough to meet the estimated zinc requirement of 10 to 15 mg/kg dry matter determined for weaned ruminants under laboratory conditions (46, 49). Methods were developed to combat these zinc deficiencies. At the same time that grazing cattle were found to be responsive to zinc supplementation, zinc deficiency was found in grazing sheep and goats in areas where forage contained less than the critical concentration of zinc determined by McDowell. Plants require zinc in small but critical concentrations for several key actions, including: membrane function, photosynthesis, protein synthesis, phytohormone synthesis (e.g. L. The effects of oral supplements of zinc and iron salts on the development of copper toxicosis, Bioavailability of zinc from inorganic and organic sources for pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets, Evidence for an unidentified mineral required by the chick, Potassium, zinc and distillers' dried soluble as supplements to a purified diet, Significance of dietary zinc for the growing chicken, Studies on zinc in poultry nutrition. Posted by Matt Hopkins | May 12, 2014. In 1985, McDowell (54) reported that 25 tropical countries had reported definite or probable zinc deficiencies in ruminants based on clinical signs, low serum concentrations, and/or low forage zinc concentrations. However, with practical corn-soy protein diets, the requirement is increased to 40 mg Zn/kg for growth, but a diet much higher in zinc (60–100 mg/kg) apparently is needed to prevent frizzled feathers (26). Zinc in the soil. Zinc deficiency is widespread among plants grown in calcareous soils of high pH because zinc is made unavailable through adsorption to clay or calcium carbonate (14). 2. The requirement for growing or finishing pigs was found to be 24 to 33 mg/kg diet (24, 25). Zinc requirement and deficiency symptoms of chicks. Zinc is a recommended micronutrient in fertilizer programs for production of corn, sweet corn, and edible beans. This BS thesis project was not the first to show that the dietary amino acid source made a difference in the zinc requirement for the chick. Swine and poultry have a greater tolerance to supranutritional zinc than cattle and sheep, which explains active testing of zinc as a growth promoter in the swine and poultry industry. Reproduced from (48) with permission. Introduction. Potatoes, tomatoes, sorghum, and sugar beets are mildly sensitive (13). Zinc in agriculture : Συντομογραφία: Zinc agric. Chelates in Agriculture. The amount of zinc used to inhibit the detrimental effects of microorganisms has to consider the amount that would have a toxic effect on the animal dosed. And basic zinc chloride is a neutral substance with stable chemical properties. Bull Soc Sci Hyg Aliment Aliment Ration Homme. Under conditions in which fertilizer application is not economical, such as extensive range conditions, salt-licks containing 1% to 2% zinc usually provide sufficient intake of zinc for grazing ruminants (26). In Europe, organic antibiotics as growth promoters are not allowed in feeds, and just recently, the FDA announced that it will ask livestock producers, drug companies, and veterinarians to curb the use of organic antibiotics to promote growth in food-producing animals in the United States. Zinc sulfate, like many zinc compounds, can be used to control moss growth on roofs; It is used as in electrolytes for zinc plating, as a mordant in dyeing, as a preservative for skins and … A review of the history of zinc in agriculture reveals that in the 50 y after the report describing zinc deficiency in swine, the importance of zinc nutrition for agriculturally important plants and animals under practical or farm conditions was well established. The current recommendations for sheep and goats vary with size and age (53). Photosynthesis is responsible for 90% of all plant production so improving photosynthesis is improving plant production. However, >20 y would pass before the first descriptions of zinc deficiencies in farm animals appeared. The calculated requirements per kilogram of dry matter for goat kids range from 15 to 23 mg, from 26–48 mg for gestating does, and from 40 to 70 mg for lactating goats. Re: sulfate de zinc. In 1990, a survey of 190 representative soils from around the world indicated that about 49% of them were zinc deficient (16). Grain and seed yield are depressed more than total dry matter production by zinc deficiency, which might be partly caused by impaired pollen fertility (14). In 1958, it was reported that zinc deficiency induced poor growth, leg abnormalities, poor feathering, and parakeratosis in chicks. Bioaccumulation of cadmium, lead, and zinc in agriculture-based insect food chains Environ Monit Assess. The inorganic constituents of the liver of Sycotypus, Recherches sur l'importance du zinc dans l'alimentation des animaux. This finding resulted in zinc being generally recognized as essential for higher green plants. Calves fed a 40-mg Zn/kg diet did not exhibit this pathology. The parakeratosis could be enhanced by excess calcium in commercially available diets at that time (20, 21). The wool of zinc-deficient sheep becomes loose and brittle and loses its crimp (46). In 1955, Tucker and Salmon (20) reported that zinc supplementation prevented and cured parakeratosis in swine fed a diet low in zinc. High dietary calcium was found to heighten the inhibitory effect of phytate on zinc absorption (39, 40). A heavy intraruminal zinc pellet also has been developed that releases zinc over at least a 6-wk period in sheep (26). Nutrition of grazing ruminants in warm climates. The symposium was sponsored by the American Society for Nutrition. In 1958, O'Dell et al. Zinc fertilizers, most prominently zinc sulphate, are being used to reduce zinc deficiencies in both humans and plants. Densité : 1.39. Shortly thereafter, zinc-responsive skin lesions and depressed growth were reported for cattle in South Africa, Turkey, India, Western Australia, and in the state of Idaho (46). Three years later, Mazé (3) reported that maize grown by using hydroponic methods required zinc for growth and development. According to McDowell (46), the critical forage zinc concentration needed by ruminants under pasture conditions is 30 mg/kg dry matter. Determining the basis for the difference in zinc deficiency signs and zinc requirements for the chick was an active research area in the 1960s. Soils high in phosphorus decrease zinc solubility that can result in zinc deficiency in plants; this effect is likely to be found with large applications of phosphorus fertilizers on soils low in available zinc (14). Showing pesticides' true colors: The effects of a farmer-to-farmer training program on pesticide knowledge. In addition, commercial poultry feeds are formulated to contain adequate zinc for small flocks. Generally, it was not severe, but even moderate zinc deficiency reduced growth, feed efficiency, and egg production (46). The tolerance of supranutritional amounts of zinc depends both on species and feed composition. and comparing the zinc deficiency signs in growing chicks fed isolated soy protein or casein hydrolysate (35, 36). Health Coaching Strategies for Weight Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Nut Consumption for Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review, Supranutritional and toxic intake of zinc in agriculture, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture: A Systematic Review of Impact Pathways to Nutrition Outcomes, Perspective: Understanding the Intersection of Climate/Environmental Change, Health, Agriculture, and Improved Nutrition – A Case Study: Type 2 Diabetes, Nutritional Sustainability: Aligning Priorities in Nutrition and Public Health with Agricultural Production. Figure 5 shows the marked differences that the dietary amino acid source made on the signs of zinc deficiency in the growing chick. 3. Newly hatched chicks from eggs of less severely zinc-deficient hens were weak and could not stand, eat, or drink. These lower than usual zinc concentrations for forage plants apparently were caused by low amounts of bioavailable zinc in soils in these areas. It is involved in the whole process of life and is mainly reflected in the metabolism of  proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Help Support BHL. Studies in the laboratories of Hoekstra and Sunde (44) and Gerald F. Combs (45) showed that the hatchability and development of the embryo were markedly impaired in chicks hatched from zinc-deficient hens. Shortly after zinc deficiency was reported to cause parakeratosis in pigs and chicks, Legg and Sears (47) discovered that zinc supplementation could overcome a parakeratosis found in cattle under natural conditions in Guyana. The findings of O'Dell et al. Author disclosure: F. H. Nielsen, no conflicts of interest. Other signs of zinc deficiency in sheep and goats include depressed growth, soft and deformed hooves, and swelling and lesions near the hoof joint similar to those seen in cattle (46). ZINC IN SOILS AND PLANT NUTRITION 159 B. In all these reports, the zinc content of forages generally ranged between 17 and 20 mg/kg dry matter (26). Chicks fed 6-, 11-, 16-, 26-, and 46-mg Zn/kg diet containing soy protein as the amino acid source (top row) compared with chicks fed 2-, 7-, 12-, 22-, and 42-mg Zn/kg diet containing casein hydrolysate as the amino acid source (bottom row). After the discovery of the essentiality of zinc for plants, extensive areas in the world were identified as having soils deficient in zinc for the proper growth and development of agriculturally important plants. Calf showing zinc deficiency signs of parakeratosis. Despite the importance, 80% of growers are still seeing nutrient tie up issues in 2020. Due to its excellent physical and chemical properties and biological titer, it can avoid malabsorption of animal nutrients and promote the growth of animals. Nonetheless, zinc deficiency in agriculturally important plants and animals still remains a problem worldwide, especially in areas with less developed agricultural practices. In addition, feed companies usually add zinc salts to mineral supplements or mixed rations to prevent zinc deficiency in swine. Other agricultural crops highly sensitive to zinc deficiency include citrus fruit trees, pecans, grapes, beans, and onions (13). The recommended maximum content of Zn in irrigation water is 2.0 mg/L, since above this limit Zn is toxic to many plant species . High intakes of zinc apparently inhibit growth and counteract the detrimental effects of bacteria (55, 56) that can prevent optimal growth and performance of farm animals, especially poultry and swine. Sources alimentaires de zinc: Source:www.passeportsante.net; Santé Canada, Fichier canadien sur les éléments nutritifs, versions 2001b et 2005 et Ministère de l'Agriculture des États-Unis(USDA), National Nutrient Database for Stan… Zinc toxicity Zinc in the soil . Perspective: Characterization of Dietary Supplements Containing Calcium and Magnesium and Their Respective Ratio—Is a Rising Ratio a Cause for Concern? : Room 508, Sandhill Central, No.505 Zhangjiang Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China, Copyright © Dongtai Coastal Zinc Industry Group Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved | Sitemap Powered by. In agriculture elevated Zn content in irrigation waters plays an important role because farmers are not obliged to apply additional Zn fertilizers to sustain plant growth. November 18th, 2020 — CHS Agronomy. Page 1 sur 1. sulfate de zinc. Zinc also is an essential trace element for all animals. Equation Zinc est un indispensable pour la réussite de votre cultures agricoles comme le maïs, le chou, le lin ou en arboriculture. Zinc always has been a significant mineral element for agriculture. Incorporating essential nutrients into the soil is an important practice to ensure next year’s crop has access to the nutrients they need. ISSN: 0261-5452: Έτη έκδοσης: 1980-1989: Δημοσίευση: Tring, Herts. Among the groups was one led by William G. Hoekstra and Milton L. Sunde at the University of Wisconsin. Zinc is an excellent fertilizer and an indispensable trace element in the growth process of various crops. Sunflowers grown with (left) and without (right) zinc. In many of these areas, zinc deficiency is prevented in grazing livestock by zinc fertilization of pastures or by providing salt licks. Add. The first indication that zinc could have an impact on agricultural production appeared in 1869 when Raulin (1), a student of Louis Pasteur, reported that zinc was a required nutrient for the growth of Aspergillus niger, a fungus that causes black mold in some agricultural produce, including grapes, onions, and peanuts. An increased zinc/phytate ratio in grains also increases zinc bioavailability for humans (18). Inflammatory response of porcine epithelial IPEC J2 cells to enterotoxigenic E. coli infection is modulated by zinc supplementation, Impacts of Selected Dietary Nutrient Intakes on Skeletal Muscle Insulin Sensitivity and Applications to Early Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes, Understanding Pathways Between Agriculture, Food Systems, and Nutrition: An Evidence and Gap Map of Research Tools, Metrics, and Methods in the Last 10 Years. No matter what kind of zinc sulphate agriculture use you are seeking, whether for a manufacturing process, cleaning process, or any other reactions, you will find many options to suit your needs. Effects of freezing extender supplementation with mitochondria-targeted antioxidant Mito-TEMPO on frozen-thawed rooster semen quality and reproductive performance. Stay Connected. Join Our Mailing List . In 1962, Miller and Miller (48) induced zinc deficiency in young Holstein calves by feeding a purified diet that contained only 2.7 mg Zn/kg. Thus, zinc deficiency in the agricultural poultry industry in the United States is rare today. Egg production also is concentrated among a few large producers that use nutritionists to ensure that poultry are fed diets adequate in zinc. Application au sol : emploi en pré-semis ou post-semis In Europe, high amounts of zinc are being used as a growth promoter (54). (31) reported findings that clearly identified zinc as the unidentified mineral needed by the growing chick fed a semipurified diet containing washed soy protein. Recognition that zinc deficiency may be a problem for agriculturally important animals did not occur until 20 y after the discovery of essentiality for rodents. They assigned to me a BS thesis project that had the objective of confirming the findings of O'Dell et al. Zinc in the plant. By 1979, 24 US states had recommended that inorganic zinc salts be added to soils for certain crops (13). The essentiality of zinc for plants and mammals was discovered >75 y ago. At present, it is recognized that feeding a 20- to 35-mg Zn/kg diet containing an amino acid source other than soy protein will meet the requirement of the chick (26). Severe zinc deficiency can cause shoot apices to die, which has been observed in forest plantations in South Australia (19). Severely zinc-deficient embryos had no lower skeleton or limbs. In the top row, chicks fed the soy protein–based diet containing 6, 11, and 16 mg Zn/kg had abnormal legs and preferred not to stand. The zinc content of unpolluted soils ranges between 10 – 80 mg kg-1 and the Zn content of sandy soils is generally lower than that of loamy soils. Presented at the symposium “Zinc Nutrition: From Discovery to Global Health Impact,” held April 22, 2012, at the ASN Scientific Sessions and Annual Meeting at Experimental Biology 2012 in San Diego, CA. Zinc was established as essential for green plants in 1926 and for mammals in 1934. , while some soils are capable of supplying adequate amounts for crop production, addition of zinc are used... Needed for others could be enhanced by excess calcium in commercially available diets at time. Recommendations for sheep ( 26 ) by using hydroponic methods required zinc for small flocks was reported zinc! And leafy vegetables: a global study the difference in zinc deficient for! 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