In 2004 there were 43 major seaports, including the seaport of Genoa, the country's largest and second largest in the Mediterranean Sea. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the High Renaissance gave rise to a stylised art known as Mannerism. [279] The Val d'Agri area, Basilicata, hosts he largest onshore hydrocarbon field in Europe.[281]. [384] The proportion of daily smokers was 22% in 2012, down from 24.4% in 2000 but still slightly above the OECD average. Waste from industrial activity is not always disposed of by legal means and has led to permanent health effects on inhabitants of affected areas, as in the case of the Seveso disaster. In October 1922 the Blackshirts of the National Fascist Party attempted a coup named the "March on Rome" which failed but at the last minute, King Victor Emmanuel III refused to proclaim a state of siege and appointed Mussolini prime minister. [494] Cheese, cold cuts and wine are a major part of Italian cuisine, with many regional declinations and Protected Designation of Origin or Protected Geographical Indication labels, and along with coffee (especially espresso) make up a very important part of the Italian gastronomic culture. [211] Within the Carabinieri is a unit devoted to combating environmental crime. [59] Archaeological sites from this period include Addaura cave, Altamura, Ceprano, and Gravina in Puglia. [252] For all that, the largest chunk of Italian public debt is owned by national subjects, a major difference between Italy and Greece,[253] and the level of household debt is much lower than the OECD average. [107] Victor Emmanuel II then became the first king of a united Italy, and the capital was moved from Turin to Florence. By the first century BC, the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural, political and religious centre, inaugurating the Pax Romana, a period of more than 200 years during which Italy's law, technology, economy, art, and literature developed. During the Early Middle Ages, Italy endured the fall of the Western Roman Empire and barbarian invasions, but by the 11th century numerous rival city-states and maritime republics, mainly in the northern and central regions of Italy, rose to great prosperity through trade, commerce and banking, laying the groundwork for modern capitalism. According to Strabo's Geographica, before the expansion of the Roman Republic, the name was used by Greeks to indicate the land between the strait of Messina and the line connecting the gulf of Salerno and gulf of Taranto, corresponding roughly to the current region of Calabria. Other ancient populations being of undetermined language families and of possible non-Indo-European origin include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni, known for their rock carvings in Valcamonica, the largest collections of prehistoric petroglyphs in the world. Italy was admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and it is a member and a strong supporter of a wide number of international organisations, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Council of Europe, and the Central European Initiative. Other companies soon followed in Milan and in Naples. Tron mining. The Western Empire, under the pressure of the barbarian invasions, eventually dissolved in 476 AD when its last emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed by the Germanic chief Odoacer. The country remained a battlefield for the rest of the war, as the Allies were slowly moving up from the south. By the mid-19th century, rising Italian nationalism and calls for independence from foreign control led to a period of revolutionary political upheaval. [379] However, healthcare is provided to all citizens and residents by a mixed public-private system. During the late 19th and 20th centuries, there were also several other movements which gained some form of popularity in Italy, such as Ontologism (whose main philosopher was Vincenzo Gioberti),[434] anarchism, communism, socialism, futurism, fascism and Christian democracy. 605ff / Morison, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMartone2016 (, Napoleon Bonaparte, "The Economy of the Empire in Italy: Instructions from Napoleon to Eugène, Viceroy of Italy,", Enrico Dal Lago, "Lincoln, Cavour, and National Unification: American Republicanism and Italian Liberal Nationalism in Comparative Perspective.". World Economic Outlook, April 2016, p. 148", "Appendix B. Motorsports are also extremely popular in Italy. [477], Italy is also prominent in the field of design, notably interior design, architectural design, industrial design and urban design. [260], Italy has a strong cooperative sector, with the largest share of the population (4.5%) employed by a cooperative in the EU. For example, Seneca's Phaedra was based on that of Euripides, and many of the comedies of Plautus were direct translations of works by Menander. [424], Italian theatre can be traced back to the Roman tradition. [138][139] The 2018 general election was characterized by a strong showing of the Five Star Movement and the League and the university professor Giuseppe Conte became the Prime Minister at the head of a populist coalition between these two parties. Notable Italian film directors from this period include Vittorio De Sica, Federico Fellini, Sergio Leone, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Luchino Visconti, Michelangelo Antonioni and Roberto Rossellini; some of these are recognised among the greatest and most influential filmmakers of all time. Although the country includes the Italian peninsula, adjacent islands, and most of the southern Alpine basin, some of Italy's territory extends beyond the Alpine basin and some islands are located outside the Eurasian continental shelf. [437], During the 16th century and on into the 18th century, Commedia dell'arte was a form of improvisational theatre, and it is still performed today. [213] Italy deployed troops in support of UN peacekeeping missions in Somalia, Mozambique, and East Timor and provides support for NATO and UN operations in Bosnia, Kosovo and Albania. Italy has a parliamentary government based on a mixed proportional and majoritarian voting system. We show you how to do more with your machine every issue, with simple tips and tricks to help with everyday tasks, and in-depth guides on doing something completely new with specific hardware and software. Giovanni Gentile and Benedetto Croce were two of the most significant 20th-century Idealist philosophers. Furthermore, Italy has, overall, an estimated 100,000 monuments of any sort (museums, palaces, buildings, statues, churches, art galleries, villas, fountains, historic houses and archaeological remains),[396] and according to some estimates the nation is home to half the world's great art treasures.[397]. [432] Cesare Beccaria was also one of the greatest Italian Enlightenment writers and is now considered one of the fathers of classical criminal theory as well as modern penology. Italy has the highest level of faunal biodiversity in Europe, with over 57,000 species recorded, representing more than a third of all European fauna. Baldassare Castiglione's dialogue The Book of the Courtier describes the ideal of the perfect court gentleman and of spiritual beauty. He rightly maintained that Italian life and manners were susceptible of artistic treatment such as had not been given them before. More than 3,000 productions have been made on its lot, of which 90 received an Academy Award nomination and 47 of these won it, from some cinema classics to recent rewarded features (such as Roman Holiday, Ben-Hur, Cleopatra, Romeo and Juliet, The English Patient, The Passion of the Christ, and Gangs of New York).[466]. [335][note 2]. Italy deployed over 2,000 troops in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) from February 2003. Many elements of the Italian territory are of volcanic origin. The Greek colonization places the Italic peoples in contact with democratic forms of government and with high artistic and cultural expressions.[70]. The public part is the Servizio Sanitario Nazionale, which is organised under the Ministry of Health and administered on a devolved regional basis. [48] In 264 BC, Roman Italy extended from the Arno and Rubicon rivers of the centre-north to the entire south. [210], The Polizia di Stato are a civil police supervised by the Interior Ministry, while the Carabinieri is a gendarmerie supervised by the Defense Ministry; both share duties in law enforcement and the maintenance of public order. Used handicap vans_ side entry. The country is situated at the meeting point of the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate, leading to considerable seismic and volcanic activity. [79] The investiture controversy was finally resolved by the Concordat of Worms. Italy is one of the countries with the most vehicles per capita, with 690 per 1000 people in 2010. An equally important source of immigration is neighbouring North Africa (in particular, Morocco, Egypt and Tunisia), with soaring arrivals as a consequence of the Arab Spring. However, as a result of his spending policies, the Italian national debt skyrocketed during the Craxi era, soon passing 100% of the country's GDP. [214] Italy is one of the largest financiers of the Palestinian National Authority, contributing €60 million in 2013 alone. He notably avoided the collapse of the League in the aftermath of the Pazzi Conspiracy and during the aborted invasion of Italy by the Turks. The Italian peninsula is in the centre of the Mediterranean Sea, forming a corridor between central Europe and North Africa, and has 8,000 km (5,000 mi) of coastline. [423], Over the ages, Italian philosophy and literature had a vast influence on Western philosophy, beginning with the Greeks and Romans, and going onto Renaissance humanism, the Age of Enlightenment and modern philosophy. In 2005 Italy maintained a civilian air fleet of about 389,000 units and a merchant fleet of 581 ships. The Prime Minister, officially President of the Council of Ministers (Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), is Italy's head of government. The tradition handed down seven kings: Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius and Tarquinius Superbus. Statuto Speciale per il Trentino-Alto Adige, Art. Introduced in the early 1920s, jazz took a particularly strong foothold in Italy, and remained popular despite the xenophobic cultural policies of the Fascist regime. [424] Philosophy was brought to Italy by Pythagoras, founder of the Italian school of philosophy in Crotone. [188], Many watercourses and coastal stretches have also been contaminated by industrial and agricultural activity, while because of rising water levels, Venice has been regularly flooded throughout recent years. [432], Italy also had a renowned philosophical movement in the 1800s, with Idealism, Sensism and Empiricism. The Papacy remained independent and launched the Counter-reformation. Da Piacenza left one work: De arte saltandi et choreus ducendi (On the art of dancing and conducting dances), which was put together by his students. The Italian victory[109][110][111] marked the end of the war on the Italian Front, secured the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and was chiefly instrumental in ending the First World War less than two weeks later. [307] In addition, Venice and Florence are also among the world's top 100 destinations. The Italian economy declined during the 1600s and 1700s, as the peninsula was excluded from the rising Atlantic slave trade. ", "African migrants fear for future as Italy struggles with surge in arrivals", "Italy starts to show the strains of migrant influx", "Italy's Conte forms coalition of bitter rivals, booting far-right from power", "New Italian government formed, allying M5S and the center-left | DW | 4 September 2019", "Coronavirus: Italy extends emergency measures nationwide", "From confidence to quarantine: how coronavirus swept Italy", "Coronavirus, Conte firma il nuovo Dpcm: in semi-lockdown per un mese. Other well-known subalpine lakes are Lake Maggiore (212.5 km2 or 82 sq mi), whose most northerly section is part of Switzerland, Como (146 km2 or 56 sq mi), one of the deepest lakes in Europe, Orta, Lugano, Iseo, and Idro. Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean, Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures. Following the conclusion of the western schism in favour of Rome at the Council of Constance (1415–1417), the new Pope Martin V returned to the Papal States after a three years-long journey that touched many Italian cities and restored Italy as the sole centre of Western Christianity. The scandals involved all major parties, but especially those in the government coalition: the Christian Democrats, who ruled for almost 50 years, underwent a severe crisis and eventually disbanded, splitting up into several factions. Italy was also an important country in the development of disco and electronic music, with Italo disco, known for its futuristic sound and prominent use of synthesisers and drum machines, being one of the earliest electronic dance genres, as well as European forms of disco aside from Euro disco (which later went on to influence several genres such as Eurodance and Nu-disco). In 1913, male universal suffrage was adopted. [133] The Communists reorganised as a social-democratic force. As result, the country descended into civil war. The aforementioned Cinecittà studio is today the largest film and television production facility in continental Europe and the centre of the Italian cinema, where many of the biggest box office hits are filmed, and one of the biggest production communities in the world. [440] By the mid-16th century, specific troupes of commedia performers began to coalesce, and by 1568 the Gelosi became a distinct company. Mediterranean Quarterly, 29(2), 54–69. [350], In 2017, the proportion of Italians who identified themselves as Roman Catholic Christians was 74.4%. Lucia Orlando, "Physics in the 1930s: Jewish Physicists' Contribution to the Realization of the" New Tasks" of Physics in Italy.". The Italian Socialist Party constantly increased in strength, challenging the traditional liberal and conservative establishment. The most original work of all late Baroque and Rococo architecture is the Palazzina di caccia di Stupinigi, dating back to the 18th century. [129] One year later (May–July 1993), tourist spots were attacked, such as the Via dei Georgofili in Florence, Via Palestro in Milan, and the Piazza San Giovanni in Laterano and Via San Teodoro in Rome, leaving 10 dead and 93 injured and causing severe damage to cultural heritage such as the Uffizi Gallery. [151], In February 2021, after a government crisis within his majority, Conte was forced to resign and Mario Draghi, former president of the European Central Bank, formed a national unity government supported by almost all the main parties,[152] pledging to oversee implementation of economic stimulus to face the crisis caused by the pandemic. [404] Luigi Vanvitelli began in 1752 the construction of the Royal Palace of Caserta. Italian Scuderia Ferrari is the oldest surviving team in Grand Prix racing, having competed since 1948, and statistically the most successful Formula One team in history with a record of 232 wins. [283][284][285], In the last decade, Italy has become one of the world's largest producers of renewable energy, ranking as the second largest producer in the European Union and the ninth in the world. [467][468] Italy's national football team is one of the world's most successful teams with four FIFA World Cup victories (1934, 1938, 1982 and 2006). 33 Italian universities were ranked among the world's top 500 in 2019, the third-largest number in Europe after the United Kingdom and Germany. [61] A well-preserved natural mummy known as Ötzi the Iceman, determined to be 5,000 years old (between 3400 and 3100 BCE, Copper Age), was discovered in the Similaun glacier of South Tyrol in 1991. Filippo Tommaso Marinetti wrote Manifesto of Futurism, called for the use of language and metaphors that glorified the speed, dynamism, and violence of the machine age. [472] Italian skiers achieved good results in Winter Olympic Games, Alpine Ski World Cup, and World Championship. [169], The longest Italian river is Po, which flows either 652 km (405 mi) or 682 km (424 mi) (considering the length of the right bank tributary Maira) and whose headwaters are a spring seeping from a stony hillside at Pian del Re, a flat place at the head of the Val Po under the northwest face of Monviso. [441], In commedia dell'arte, female roles were played by women, documented as early as the 1560s, making them the first known professional actresses in Europe since antiquity. The country has had a broad cultural influence worldwide, also because numerous Italians emigrated to other places during the Italian diaspora. The Galli Law, passed in 1993, aimed at raising the level of investment and to improve service quality by consolidating service providers, making them more efficient and increasing the level of cost recovery through tariff revenues. This has produced a manufacturing sector often focused on the export of niche market and luxury products, that if on one side is less capable to compete on the quantity, on the other side is more capable of facing the competition from China and other emerging Asian economies based on lower labour costs, with higher quality products. Anarcho-communism first fully formed into its modern strain within the Italian section of the First International. Given the power vacuum caused by extreme territorial fragmentation and the struggle between the Empire and the Holy See, local communities sought autonomous ways to maintain law and order. [183] Renewable energies now make up about 12% of the total primary and final energy consumption in Italy, with a future target share set at 17% for the year 2020. Other popular team sports in Italy include basketball, volleyball and rugby. Several islands and hills have been created by volcanic activity, and there is still a large active caldera, the Campi Flegrei north-west of Naples. The only surviving Roman paintings are wall paintings, many from villas in Campania, in Southern Italy. After the eighth century BC, colonizers from Greece settled on the coasts of southern Italy giving life to Magna Graecia and those of Sicily. This was in turn struck down by a referendum following the Fukushima nuclear accident. [162], Including islands, Italy has a coastline of 7,900 km. Italy ranks as a tier-one nation by World Rugby. [206][207] The Calabrian 'Ndrangheta, nowadays probably the most powerful crime syndicate of Italy, accounts alone for 3% of the country's GDP. In Italy and Yugoslavia, unlike in Germany, few war crimes were prosecuted. [374] Bologna University, founded in 1088, is the oldest university in continuous operation,[375] as well as one of the leading academic institutions in Italy and Europe. [481], The Italian cuisine has developed through centuries of social and political changes, with roots as far back as the 4th century BC. Furthermore, in recent years, growing migration fluxes from Asia-Pacific (notably China[333] and the Philippines) and Latin America have been recorded. Ma per me ce la stiamo cavando bene", "Un uomo solo è al comando dell'Italia, e nessuno ha niente da ridire", "Italy's lockdown will be extended, prime minister says as death toll spikes and hospitals struggle", L'Italia pagherà il conto più salato della crisi post-epidemia, Mario Draghi sworn in as Italy's new prime minister, "Mario Draghi's new government to be sworn in on Saturday", "Principali dimensioni geostatistiche e grado di urbanizzazione del Paese", "Morphometric and hydrological characteristics of some important Italian lakes", Organisation hydrographique internationale, "Italy's Po River Punished for centuries by destructive floods, northern Italians stubbornly embrace their nation's longest river, which nurtures rice fields, vineyards, fisheries—and legends". Italy is located in Southern Europe, and is also considered part of Western Europe. The war was initially inconclusive, as the Italian army got stuck in a long attrition war in the Alps, making little progress and suffering very heavy losses. From Giotto onwards, the treatment of composition by the best painters also became much more free and innovative. Italy is part of the European single market which represents more than 500 million consumers. The Romanesque movement, which went from approximately 800 AD to 1100 AD, was one of the most fruitful and creative periods in Italian architecture, when several masterpieces, such as the Leaning Tower of Pisa in the Piazza dei Miracoli, and the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio in Milan were built. [166][167], The Apennines run along the entire length of the peninsula, dividing the waters into two opposite sides. [178], After its quick industrial growth, Italy took a long time to confront its environmental problems. [256] The richest province, Alto Adige-South Tyrol, earns 152% of the national GDP per capita, while the poorest region, Calabria, 61%. The two great writers of the 14th century, Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio, sought out and imitated the works of antiquity and cultivated their own artistic personalities. In August 2006 Italy deployed about 2,450 troops in Lebanon for the United Nations' peacekeeping mission UNIFIL. [438], The first recorded Commedia dell'arte performances came from Rome as early as 1551,[439] and was performed outdoors in temporary venues by professional actors who were costumed and masked, as opposed to commedia erudita, which were written comedies, presented indoors by untrained and unmasked actors. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name "Italia" to a larger region[45] In addition to the "Greek Italy" in the south, historians have suggested the existence of an "Etruscan Italy" covering variable areas of central Italy. 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